Esteban Durán-Delgado
Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
Mariano Rosabal-Coto
Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas,
Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica
Abstract
This paper discusses the findings of the study “Characterization of Parenting Style among Children in a Permanent-Care State-Run Village: Parental Belief Systems and Cultural Orientation” (Duran-Delgado, 2012). The cultural specificity of parenting, in a context of institutional care in a semi –permanent publicly-run establishment is analyzed from the perspective of prior studies on the cultural peculiarities of parenting in Costa Rica. We discuss how the context and the culture have a homogenizing function with regards to trajectories for development. Based on a mixed-design context-sensitive methodological approach, we worked in a publicly-run institution for transitory care. Interviews, scales and ethnographic observation were carried out on the children and their care-takers. Based on the study, we conclude that in spite of the discontinuity offered by the institutional context, developmental trajectories oriented to the autonomous relationships typical of the culture are successfully stimulated and formed. The care-takers’ beliefs and practices show evidence of a peculiarity of the institutional context of care, as well as not allowing them to enlist in the trajectories of the predominant local culture. The stimulus towards more autonomous forms of development in the midst of the context of the relationships reflects the need for stimulating more resilient forms for this population in particular.
Keywords: Developmental cultural psychology, parenting and child rearing in institutional contexts, parental belief systems, cultural orientation and child development; non-kinship homes, temporary governmental institutional care.
Referencias
Abels, M. (2014, July). Infants’ experiences and behaviors at nine months and their language development one year later in rural and urban Gujarat, India. In D. Matthews (President). SES differences in the language learning environments of infants raised in India, Mozambique, Turkey, the Netherlands and the UK. 13th International Congress for the Study of Child Language (IASCL), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Álvarez, A., Brenes, A., & Cabezas, M. (1990). Patrones de crianza en la familia costarricense. Actualidades en Psicología. Edición Especial. San José, Costa Rica: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Bell, T., Romano, E., & Flynn, R. (2015). Profiles and predictors of behavioral resilience among children in child welfare. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48, 92-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.018
Calderón-Tena, C. O., Knight, G. P., & Carlo, G. (2011). The socialization of prosocial behavioral tendencies among Mexican American adolescents: the role of familism values. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(1), 98-106. doi: 10.1037/a0021825
Carmiol, A. (2003). La psicología cultural de la crianza: Un estudio sobre las concepciones de las madres (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Cohen, D. H., Stern, V., Balaban, N., & Gropper, N. (2008). Observing and recording the behavior of young children. Nueva York, EE.UU.: Teachers College Press.
Cole, M. (2002). Culture and development. In H. Keller, Y. Poortinga, & A. Scholmerich (Eds.), Between biology and culture. Perspectives on ontogenetic development (pp. 303-319). Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
de Carvalho, R. V. C., Seidl-de-Moura, M. L., Martins, G. D. F., & Vieira, M. L. (2014). Culture and developmental trajectories: a discussion on contemporary theoretical models. Early Child Development and Care, 184(11), 1599-1614.
Durán-Delgado, E. (2012). Caracterización del estilo de crianza de los niños y las niñas en cuido permanente en una Aldea Gubernamental: sistemas de creencias parentales y orientación cultural. (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Elizondo, R., & Peña, M. (2014). Prácticas y Creencias Parentales en Madres Costarricenses pertenecientes a la Provincia de Guanacaste (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Flick, U. (2004). Introducción a la investigación cualitativa. Madrid: Morata.
García Egan, P., Pauley, D., Gibbons, J., & Ashdown, B. (2015). Niños buenos vs niños malos: Etnoteorías de un Grupo de Madres Guatemaltecas. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 48(2): 183-193.
Greenfield, P. M. (2009). Linking social change and developmental change: Shifting pathways of human development. Developmental Psychology, 45(2), 401-418.
Greenfield, P., Keller, H., Fuligni, A., & Maynard, A. (2003). Cultural Pathways Through Universal Development. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 461-90. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145221
Harwood, R. (1992). The influence of culturally derived values on Anglo and Puerto Rican mother’s perceptions of attachment behavior. Child Development, 63, 822-839.
Harkness, S., & Super, C. (1986). The developmental niche: A conceptualization at the interface of child and culture. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 9(1), 545-569.
Johnson, D. E., & Gunnar, M. R. (2011) Growth Failure in institutionalized children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(4), 92-126.
Kağitçibaşi, C. (1996). Family and human development across cultures: A view from the other side. Hillsdale, EEUU: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
Kağitçibaşi, C. (2002). A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Recuperado de https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1059&context=orpc
Kağitçibaşi, C. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context. Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422.
Kağitçibaşi, C. (2007). Family, self, and human development across cultures: theory and applications. Londres, Reino Unido: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Kärtner, J., Borke, J., Maasmeier, K., Keller, H., & Kleis, A. (2011). Sociocultural Influences on the Development of Self-Recognition and Self-Regulation in Costa Rican and Mexican Toddlers. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 10(1), 96-112. DOI: 10.1891/1945–8959.10.1.96
Keller, H., Voelker, S., & Zach, U. (1997). Attachment in cultural context. Newsletter ISSBD, 1, 1-3.
Keller, H. (1997). Evolutionary approaches. En J. W. Berry, Y. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of crosscultural psychology (2a. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 215-256). Needham Heights, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon.
Keller, H. (2000). Human parent-child relationships from an evolutionary perspective. American Behavioral Scientist, 43(6), 957-969.
Keller, H. (2002). Development as the interface between biology and culture: a conceptualization of early ontogenetic experiences. En Keller, H., Poortinga, Y., & Scholmerich, A. (Eds.), Between biology and culture. Perspectives on ontogenetic development (pp. 215-240). Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Keller, H. (2003). Socialization for competence: Cultural models on infancy. Human Development, 46, 288-311.
Keller, H. (2007). Cultures of infancy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Keller, H., Lohaus, A., Kuensemueller, P., Abels, M., Yovsi, R., Voelker, S.,… Mohite, P. (2004). The bio-culture of parenting: Evidence from five cultural communities. Parenting: Science and Practice, 4(1), 25-50.
Keller, H., Kuensemueller, P., Abels, M., Voelker, S., Yovsi, R., Jensen, H.,… Prerna, M. (2005). Parenting, culture, and development: A comparative study. San José, Costa Rica: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Keller, H., Lamm, B. (2007). Understanding Cultural Models of Parenting: The Role of Intracultural Variation and Response Style. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 38(50), 50-57. DOI: 10.1177/0022022106295441
Keller, H. (2011). Autonomy and Relatedness Revisited: Cultural Manifestations of Universal Human Needs. Child Development Perspectives, 6(1), 1-7.
Keller, H., & Otto, H. (2011). Different faces of autonomy. En X. Chen & K.H. Rubin (Eds.), Socioemocional development in the cultural context (pp. 164-185). New York: Guilford Press.
Keller, H., & Kärtner, J. (2013). Development: the cultural solution of universal developmental tasks. En M. Gelfand, C. Chiu, & Y. Hong (Eds.), Advances in Culture and Psychology (pp. 63–116). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Keller, H. (2014). Introduction: Understanding relationships- what we would need to know to conceptualize attachment as the cultural solution of a universal developmental task. En: O. Hiltrud, & Keller, H. (Eds.) The different faces of Attachment. Cultural variations on an Unversal Human Need (pp. 1-25). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Keller, H. (2016). Psychological autonomy and hierarchical relatedness as organizers fo developmental pathways. Phil. Trans. R. Sco. B, 371: 20150070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0070
Lay, C., Fairlie, P., Jackson, S., Ricci, T., Eisenberg, J., Sato, T.,… Melamud, A. (1998). Domain-specific allocentrismidiocentrism: A measure of family connectedness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(3), 434-460.
Leyendecker, B., Lamb, M., Schölmerich, A., & Miranda, D. (1997). Contexts as moderators of observed interactions: A study of Costa Rican mothers and infants differing socioeconomic backgrounds. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(1), 15-34. doi: 10.1080/016502597384965
Lonner, W. J., & Adamopoulos, J. (1997). Culture as antecedent to behavior. En J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Theory and Method (Vol. 1, pp. 43-83). Boston, EE.UU.: Allyn & Bacon.
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253.
Mayseless, O., Scharf, M., & Sholt, M. (2003). From Authoritative Parenting Practices to an Authoritarian Context: Exploring the Person–Environment Fit. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 427-456. doi:10.1046/j.1532-7795.2003.01304002.x
McCall, R., van IJzendoorn, M., Juffer, F., Groark, C., & Groza, V. (2011). Children without Permanent Parents: Research, Practice, and Policy. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76(4), 1-318.
McCall, R., & Groark, C. (2015). Research of institutionalized Children: Implications for International Child Welfare Practioners and Policymakers. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 4(2), 421-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000033
Miranda, D., & Rosabal-Coto, M. (1997). Patrones de socialización temprana (Informe de investigación). San José, Costa Rica: Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, Universidad de Costa Rica.
Moreno, W. (2003). Procesos de crianza de padres y madres guanacastecos y su incidencia en la formación de valores familiares (Tesis de maestría inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Otto, H., y Keller, H. (Eds.) (2014). Different faces of Attachment. Cultural variations on a Universal Need. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press.
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Leech, N. L. (2006). Linking research questions to mixed methods data analysis procedures. The Qualitative Report, 11,(3), 474-498.
Poortinga, Y. H., & Soudijn, K. (2002). Behavior-culture relationships and ontogenetic development. En H. Keller, Y. H. Poortinga, & A. Scholmerich (Eds.), Between biology and cultura: Perspectives on ontogenetic development (pp. 320-340). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Rodríguez, L. (2010). Calidad de vida de niños con hemofilia en Costa Rica (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Rosabal-Coto, M. (2004). Parental belief systems, conflict resolution strategies, and cultural orientation in the mother-child interactive context: a comparative study of two Costa Rican samples (Disertación doctoral inédita). Universidad de Osnabrück, Osnabrück, República Federal de Alemania.
Rosabal-Coto, M. (2012). Creencias y prácticas de crianza: el estudio del parentaje en el contexto costarricense. Revista Costarricense de Psicología, 31(1-2), 65-100. Recuperado de http://rcps-cr.org/wp-content/themes/rcps/descargas/2012/4-RCP-Vol.31-No1-2.pdf
Rübeling, H., Keller, H., Yovsi, R., Lenk, M., Schwarzer, S., & Kühne, N. (2011). Children´s Drawings of the Self as an Expression of Cultural Conceptions of the Self. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(3) 406-424. DOI: 10.1177/0022022110363475
Sabogal, F., Marín, G., Otero-Sabogal, R., Vanoss, B., & Pérez-Stable, E. (1987). Hispanic Familism and acculturation: What changes and what doesn’t? Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 397-412.
Salgado, L. (2014). Creencias y prácticas de parentaje de una madre con diagnóstico trastorno afectivo bipolar y sus tres hijas (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.
Schwartz, S. (2007). The Applicability of Familism to Diverse Ethnic Groups: A Preliminary Stuy. The Journal of Social Psychology. 147(2), 101-118.
Seidl-de-Moura, M., Cruz de Carvalho, R., & Vieria, M. (2013). Brazilian Mother´s Cultural Models: Socialization for Autonomy and Relatedness. INTECH, 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/57083
Sroufe, A., & Waters, E. (1977). Attachment as an Organizational Construct. Child Development, 48, 1184-1199.
Steidel, A. G. L., & Contreras, J. M. (2003). A new familism Scale for use with latino populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 23(1), 312-330. doi: 10.1177/0739986303256912
Triandis, H., Bontempo, R., Betancourt, H., Bond, M., Leung, K., Brenes, A.,… de Montmollin, G. (1986). The measurement of the etic aspects of individualism and collectivism across cultures. Australian Journal of Psychology, 38(3), 257-267.
Triandis, H. C. (1988). Collectivism and individualism: A reconceptualization of a basic concept in cross-cultural psychology. En G. K. Verma, & C. Bagley (Eds.), Personality, attitudes, and cognitions (pp. 60-95). Londres, Reino Unido. Macmillan.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Palacios, J., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Gunnar, M. R., Vorria, P., McCall, R. B.,… Juffer, F. (2011). I. Children in Institutional Care: Delayed Development and Resilience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76, 8–30. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x
Van Leeuwen, K. G. (2000). Deficits in parenting skills as an indicator of behaviour problems with children and youth. Development of a screening instrument for the Flemish community. Manuscrito sin publicar, Departamento de Psicología, Universidad de Ghent, Reino de Bélgica.
Van Leeuwen, K. G., & Vermulst, A. A. (2004). Some Psychometric Properties of the Ghent Parental Behavior Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20(4), 283-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.283
Whiting, B. B., & Whiting, J. W. (1975). Children of six cultures: A psycho-cultural analysis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Zamora Arrieta, M. (2016). Vivencia de niños y niñas con Cáncer entre los 6 y 12 años en sus Centros Educativos, su Percepción y Colaboración escuela-padres/madres de familia (Tesis de licenciatura inédita). Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.