Anxiety, Beliefs and Covid-19 in Two Periods of the Pandemic in Brazil: A comparative study

Authors

  • Geovanna Santana de Souza Turri Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
  • Renata Elly Barbosa Fonte Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
  • Luiz Guilherme Lima-Silva Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
  • Andre Faro Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v40i02.04

Keywords:

Beliefs, Covid-19, Evocation, Anxiety, Mental Health

Abstract

This research compared evocations regarding the term “coronavirus” during two different periodsin the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil in 2020 — March (beginning of the pandemic in the country)and June (Brazil as the epicenter of the pandemic) —, considering the presence or absence ofanxiety symptoms in participants. The methodology adopted the free evocation technique and theGeneralized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) symptom scale. The sample was composed of 5,961 womenand 1,153 men. Participant selection was relegated to convenience sampling by means of an onlinequestionnaire. Results showed that the coronavirus had diff erential impacts among the groups thatwere assessed and according to the time of data collection. In general, in March, people with anxietysymptoms had a more catastrophic view of the future, while people without those symptoms had aless unfavorable repertoire to adjust to the situation. In June, both groups reported a negative viewof the scenario, indicating a decrease or exhaustion in their capacity for psychological adjustment.This suggests the possibility of an increase of some conditions that result in adaptive impairment,exhaustion, and mental illness. Finally, it is important to understand people’s beliefs about the coronavirusat diff erent times of the pandemic because it is a favorable period for the emergence and/orintensification of mental disorders.

Author Biographies

Geovanna Santana de Souza Turri, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

Master’s in Social Psychology and PhD candidate in Psychology at the FederalUniversity of Sergipe (Sergipe, Brazil).

Renata Elly Barbosa Fonte, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

BA in psychology from the Federal University of Sergipe (Sergipe, Brazil). She isemployed as a clinical psychologist.

Luiz Guilherme Lima-Silva, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

BA student at the Federal University of Sergipe and is a member of the Laboratory ofHealth Psychology at the same institution

Andre Faro, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil

PhD in Psychology and Professor at the Federal University of Sergipe (Sergipe, Brazil). He is a researcher in the fi eld of Health Psychology and his main interests are suicidal behavior, self-injury, stress, coping, psychological adjustment and common mental disorders. He has published more than 150 articles and 30 books or chapters on Health Psychology and Public Health.

References

Abric, J. C. (1994) Pratiques sociales et représentations. Presses Universitaires de France.

Al-Hasan, A., Yim D., & Khuntia, J. (2020). Citizens’ adherence to COVID-19 mitigation recommendations by the government: A 3-Country comparative evaluation using web-based cross-sectional survey data. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8), e20634. https://doi.org/10.2196/20634

Bajwah, S., Wilcock, A., Towers, R., Costantini, M., Bausewein, C., Simon, S. T., …, & Higginson, I. J. (2020). Managing the supportive care needs of those affected by COVID-19. European Respiratory Journal, 55, 2000815. https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00815-2020

Barbosa, F. M., Vieira, E. B. M., & Garcia, J. B. S. (2018). Beliefs and attitudes in patients with chronic low back pain. Brazilian Journal of Pain, 1(2), 116-121. https://doi.org/10.5935/2595-0118.20180023

Barreto, R. S., Servo, M. L. S., Vilela, A. B. A, Fontoura, E. G., Souza, S. L., & Santana, N. (2021). Concepções de segurança do paciente pelo prisma das representações sociais de enfermeiros intensivistas. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 39(2), 06-17. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.iee.v39n2e06

Barros, M. B. D. A., Lima, M. G., Malta, D. C., Szwarcwald, C. L., Azevedo, R. C. S. D., Romero, D., ..., & Gracie, R. (2020). Relato de tristeza/depressão, nervosismo/ansiedade e problemas de sono na população adulta brasileira durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29, e2020427. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-49742020000400018

BBC News. (2020, 14 setembro). Coronavírus em alta: OMS registra alta recorde de infecções diárias. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/internacional-54149787

Bianco, A. C. L., & Costa-Moura, F. (2020). Covid-19: Luto, morte e a sustentação do laço social. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão, 40, e244103. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3703003244103

Bolsoni, L. M., Moscovici, L., Marques, J. M. A., & Zuardi, A. W. (2018). Specific mental disorder screening compilation may detect general mental disorders. Revista Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, 13(40), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc13(40)1685

Brito, A. M. M., & Camargo, B. V. (2011). Representações sociais, crenças e comportamentos de saúde: Um estudo comparativo entre homens e mulheres. Temas em Psicologia, 19, 283-303.

Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934

Chaves, A. C. S. D. V., Farias, S. H., Farias, G. M., Chaves, T. A. P. D. V., Rosa, A. D. S., & Ohara, C. V. D. S. (2020). Representações sociais sobre sexualidade entre adolescentes no contexto amazônico. Brazilian Journal Nurse (Online), 19(3), 1-20.

Conner, M., & Norman, P. (2017). Health behavior: Current issues and challenges. Psychology & Health, 32(8), 895-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1336240

Crepaldi, M. A., Schmidt, B., Noal, D. D. S., Bolze, S. D. A., & Gabarra, L. M. (2020). Terminalidade, morte e luto na pandemia de COVID-19: Demandas psicológicas emergentes e implicações práticas. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37, e200090. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200090

Earnshaw, V. A., Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., Brousseau, N. M., Hill, E. C., & Fox, A. B. (2020). Covid-19 conspiracy beliefs, health behaviors, and policy support. Translational Behavioral Medicine, 10(4), 850-856. https://doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa090

Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. (2020). Prolonged grief disorder following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 288, 113031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113031

Faro, A., Bahiano, M. A., Nakano, T. C., Reis, C., Silva, B. F. P., & Vitti, L. S. (2020). COVID-19 e saúde mental: A emergência do cuidado. Estudos de Psicologia, 37, e200074. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200074

Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. (2020). Dados do boletim InfoGripe indicam “segunda onda” de SRAG. https://portal.fiocruz.br/noticia/dados-do-boletim-infogripe-indicam-segunda-onda-de-srag

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Monahan, P. O., & Löwe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146(5), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004

Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A., & Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental validity of coronaphobia: Coronavirus anxiety explains depression, generalized anxiety, and death anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102268

Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. M., Lima, I. D. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. O. , Saraiva, J. S., Souza, R. I., ... & Rolim Neto, M. L. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915

Maia, B. R., & Dias, P. C. (2020). Ansiedade, depressão e estresse em estudantes universitários: O impacto da COVID-19. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 37, e200067. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202037e200067

McArthur, L. H., Riggs, A., Uribe, F., & Spaulding, T. J. (2018). Health belief model offers opportunities for designing weight management interventions for college students. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 50(5), 485-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2017.09.010

Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. (2020). Imunização: Presidente da República e ministro Eduardo Pazuello apresentam plano de vacinação contra a Covid-19. https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/presidente-darepublica-e-ministro-eduardo-pazuello-apresentam-plano-de-vacinacao-contra-a-Covid-19-201ctodas-asvacinas-produzidas-no-brasil-terao-prioridade-do-sus201d

Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232-235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008

Otto, M. W., & Smiths, J. A. J. (2018). Anxiety sensitivity, health behaviors, and the prevention and treatment of medical illness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(3), e12253. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12253

Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051

Peteet, J. R. (2020). COVID-19 anxiety. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 2203-2204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01041-4

Rolim, J. A., Oliveira, A. R., & Batista, E. C. (2020). Manejo da ansiedade no enfrentamento da Covid-19. Revista Enfermagem e Saúde Coletiva-REVESC, 5, 64-74.

Sá, C. P. (1996). Núcleo central das representações sociais. Vozes.

Sant’Anna, H. C. (2012). OpenEvoc: Um programa de apoio à pesquisa em representações sociais. Psicologia Social: Desafios Contemporâneos. GM Gráfica e Editora.

Straub, R. O. (2014). Psicologia da Saúde. ArtMed.

Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Torres, T. L., Camargo, B. V., Boulsfield, A. B., & Silva, A. O. (2015). Representações sociais e crenças normativas sobre envelhecimento. Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(15), 3621-3630. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152012.01042015

Turri, G. S. S., & Faro, A. (2018). Crenças em saúde acerca do exame do toque retal. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 70(2), 49-64.

Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). US Census Bureau‐assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic. Depression and Anxiety, 37(10), 954-956. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.2307

Victor, G. S., & Ahmed, S. (2019). The importance of culture in managing mental health response to pandemics. In D. Huremovic (Ed.), Psychiatry of pandemics: A mental health response to infection outbreak (pp. 55-64).Springer.

Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P. (2020). Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60, 70-76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012

Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729

Weir, K. (2020). Grief and COVID-19: Mourning our bygone lives. https://www.apa.org/news/apa/2020/04/grief-covid-19

Weiss, B. D., & Paasche-Orlow, M. K. (2020). Disparities in adherence to COVID-19 public health recommendations. Health Literacy Research and Practice, 4(3), e171-e173. https://doi.org/10.3928/24748307-20200723-01

Wheaton, M. G., Messner, G. R., & Marks, J. B. (2021). Intolerance of uncertainty as a factor linking obsessive-compulsive symptoms, health anxiety and concerns about the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) in the United States. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 28, 100605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100605

Wolter, R. P., & Wachelke, J. (2013). Índices complementares para o estudo de uma representação social a partir de evocações livres: Raridade, diversidade e comunidade. Psicologia: Teoria e Prática, 15(2), 119-129.

World Health Organization. (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief counseling and grief therapy: A handbook for the mental health practitioner. Springer.

Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning Province, China: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1707238

Downloads

Published

2021-12-28

How to Cite

de Souza Turri, G. S., Barbosa Fonte, R. E., Lima-Silva, L. G., & Faro, A. (2021). Anxiety, Beliefs and Covid-19 in Two Periods of the Pandemic in Brazil: A comparative study. Costa Rican Journal of Psychology, 40(2), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v40i02.04