doption and the Dilemma of Autobiographical Identity

Three anecdotes about the search for one's mother/family of origin and its possible meaning for autobiographical identity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v44i02.02

Keywords:

adoption, autobiographical identity, stigma

Abstract

This article proposes a critical reflection on the possible effects on the adoptee of the detachment from the family of origin and the process of bonding with the adoptive family. Some central aspects of psychosocial development and the building of identity from the viewpoint of the autobiographical narrative are considered to identify the possible evidence of a void in the ensuing process of building the sense of oneself. Some strategies used by the institutions in charge and by the adoptive families in terms of the management of information prior to adoption are considered as moderating elements that often do not facilitate the subject’s access to the possible answers to the questions that almost necessarily arise when he or she measures the meaning of having been the subject of adoption. In the place of this vacuum, it is likely that the stigma of adoption as a discontinuity with genealogy or a lack of authenticity to family belonging plays a critical role that sharpens the difficulty of reconstructing the autobiographical narrative. The search for a reunion with the biological mother/family could reflect the emotional intensity and deep meaning of enduring this pending aspect in adult identity. Likewise, if the reunion resolves this subjective concern to some extent. Three anecdotes of adults that coped with ascertaining their origins illustrate and enable a debate surrounding the self-identity of the adoptee.

Author Biography

Jorge Sanabria-León, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. 

Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica. Professor. He earned a PhD in Psychology with an emphasis on Socialization Theory and Research Methodology from the J.W. Goethe University in Frankfurt of Meno, Germany, under the supervision of Alfred Lorenzer, Hans Bosse, and Elisabeth Rohr. His research interests include human development, language acquisition, and early socialization.

References

Almeida, A. S., Giger, J.-C., Mendonça, S., Fuertes, M., & Nunes, C. (2022). Emotional Availability in Mother-Child and Father-Child Interactions as Predictors of Child’s Attachment Representations in Adoptive Families. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084720

Aguilar-Hernández, M. (2015). Costa Rica en el siglo XX: luchas sociales y conquistas laborales. Serie Cuadernos de Historia de la Cultura 10. EUCR.

Aschemeyer, F., Rosabal-Coto, M., Storm, S., & Keller, K. (2021). The Role of Culture and Caregivers’ Formal Education for Babies’ Learning Environments: The Case of Two Costa Rican Communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 52(2), 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022120981715

Balenzano, C., Coppola, G., Cassibba, R., & Moro, G. (2018). Pre-adoption adversities and adoptees’ outcomes: The protective role of post-adoption variables in an Italian experience of domestic open adoption. Children and youth services review, 85, 307-318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.01.012

Bornstein, M.-H., & Suwalsky, J-T-D. (2021). The specificity principle in adoption. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 74, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101264

Brenes-Gómez, M. L., & Mejía-Vindas, E. (1991). El Patronato Nacional de la Infancia: creación y evolución, 1930-1980. [Tesis de Licenciatura, Universidad de Costa Rica].

Brodzinsky, D., Gunnar, M., & Palacios, J. (2022). Adoption and trauma: Risks, recovery, and the lived experience of adoption. Child Abuse & Neglect, 130(2), 105309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105309

Cabanilla-León, J.-L. & Caveda, D.-A. (2018). Las adopciones tradicionales y la vulneración del principio del interés superior del niño. Revista Científica ECOCIENCIA, 5(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.21855/ecociencia.53.2

Crea, T.-M., Chan, K., & Barth, R.-P. (2013). Family environment and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adopted children: associations with family cohesion and adaptability. Child, Care, Health and Development, 40(6), 853-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12112

Dsouza, J.-M., Chakraborty, A., & Kamath, N. (2023). Intergenerational communication and elderly well-being. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 20, 101251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101251

Farr, R.-H., Bruun, S.-T., & Patterson, C.-J. (2019). Longitudinal associations between coparenting and child adjustment among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adoptive parent families. Developmental Psychology, 55(12), 2547-2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000828

Finet, C., Waters, T.-E.-A., Vermeer, H.-J., Juffer, F., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.-J., & Bosmans, G. (2021). Attachment development in children adopted from China: the role of pre-adoption care and sensitive adoptive parenting. Attachment & human development, 23(5), 587-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2020.1760902

Freixa-Blanchart, M., & Negre-Masiá, C. (2010). El proceso de comprensión del origen: de la revelación a la búsqueda. Información Psicológica, (98), 12-19.

Friedman, S. R., Williams, L. D., Guarino, H., Mateu‐Gelabert, P., Krawczyk, N., Hamilton, L., Walters, S. M., Ezell, J. M., Khan, M., Di Iorio, J., Yang, L. H., & Earnshaw, V. A. (2022). The stigma system: How sociopolitical domination, scapegoating, and stigma shape public health. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(1), 385-408. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22581

García-Morales, E., Merín, L., Jimeno, M. V., Hallford, D. J., & Ricarte, J. J. (2025). Contribution of narrative identity and future autobiographical memories integration in the self on meaning and purpose in children. Cognitive Development, 73, 101536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2024.101536

Eng, D. L. (2010). The Feeling of Kinship: Queer Liberalism and the Racialization of Intimacy. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822392828

Giachin, M., & Marin, G. (2018). Adoption und die mythopoietische Funktion Ein kritisches Ereignis, das Kreativität fördern kann. Forum Psychoanalyse, 34, 393-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00451-017-0294-7

Grau Rebollo, J. (2011). Parentesco, adscripción y crianza. Elaboraciones culturales de la adopción internacional y la circulación de niños. Revista de Antropología Social, 20, 31-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_RASO.2011.v20.36261

Grau Rebollo, J., & García-Tugas, L. (2016). Flujos de información e interacciones online en el marco de la crianza adoptiva. QUADERNS-E, 21(2).

Grath-Lone, L.-Mc., Dearden, L., Harron, K., Nasim, B., & Gilbert, R. (2017). Factors associated with re-entry to out-of-home care among children in England. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 73-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.012

Grotevant, H.-D., & McDermott, J.-M. (2014). Adoption: Biological and Social Processes Linked to Adaptation. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 235-265. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115020

Habermas, T. (2010). Autobiographical reasoning: Arguing and narrating from a biographical perspective. In T. Habermas (Ed.), The development of autobiographical reasoning in adolescence and beyond. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2011(131), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.285

Habermas, T., & Köber, C. (2015). Autobiographical reasoning in life narratives buffers the effect of biographical disruptions on the sense of self-continuity. Memory, 23(5), 664-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2014.920885

Hornfeck, F., Bovenschen, I., Heene, S., Zimmermann, J., Zwönitzer, A., & Kindler, H. (2019). Emotional and behavior problems in adopted children – The role of early adversities and adoptive parents’ regulation and behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 98, 104221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104221

Lind, T., Raby, K. L., Goldstein, A., Bernard, K., Caron, E.-B., Yarger, H.-A. Wallin, A., & Dozier, M. (2021). Improving social–emotional competence in internationally adopted children with the Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 33(3), 957-969. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420000255

Juffer, F., van Ijzendoorn, M.-H., & Palacios, J. (2011). Children’s recovery after adoption. Journal for the Study of Education and Development, 34(1), 3-18, https://doi.org/10.1174/021037011794390102

Garnier, L. Grynspan, R., Hidalgo, R., Monge. G. & Trejos, J-D. (1997). En: Mehrotra, S. & Jolly, R. (Ed.). Development with a Human Face: Experiences in Social Achievement and Economic Growth (pp. 355-383). Oxford University Press.

Gesteira, S. (2015). Secretos, mentiras y estigmas. La búsqueda del origen biológico como un tránsito del como si al cómo fue. Antípoda. Revista De Antropología y Arqueología, 1(21), 165-184. https://doi.org/10.7440/antipoda21.2015.08

González-Ortega, A. (2011). La infancia en el lenguaje y la cultura costarricense (1950-2000). EUCR.

Kernreiter, J., Klier, C., Zeiler, M., Huscsava, M.-M., Fiala, C., & Felnhofer, A. (2020). The anonymously adopted child: Impact of age and parental psychopathology on adoptees’ mental health. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105672

Lester, J.-N., & O’Reilly, M. (2021). The social construction of stigma: Utilizing discursive psychology for advancing the conceptualization of stigma in mental health. Stigma and Health, 6(1), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000281

Llobet, V. (2020). Tensiones entre derechos de las mujeres y protección de la niñez. Estudos Feministas, 28(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584-2020v28n365412

Leighton, K. (2025). Addressing the Harms of Not Knowing One’s Heredity: Lessons from Genealogical Bewilderment. Adoption & Culture 3(1), 63-107. https://doi.org/10.1353/ado.2012.0010

Léonard, C., Geurtenm M. & Willems, S. (2023.). How is preschoolers' memory performance related to parental elaboration during reminiscence? Appl Cognit Psychol, 38. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.4155

Ley n.º 39. Ley de creación del Patronato Nacional de la Infancia (PANI). (6 de agosto de 1930). https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=9233&nValor3=9897&strTipM=TC

Ley n.º 1563. Reforma de la Ley sobre la Adopción n.º 140 del 1 de agosto de 1934.

Ley n.º 7184. Convención sobre los derechos del niño. (18 de julio de 1990). https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param1=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=6606&nValor3=7032&strTipM=TC

Ley n.º 7538. Reforma el Código de Familia, la Ley Orgánica del Patronato Nacional de la Infancia, la Ley General de Migración y Extranjería, la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones y del Registro Civil, y el Código Penal para regular la adopción de personas. (22 de agosto de 1995).

Ley n.º 7648. Ley Orgánica del Patronato Nacional de la Infancia. (9 de diciembre de 1996). https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/Busqueda/Normativa/Normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param2=NRTC&nValor1=1&nValor2=41328&strTipM=TC

Ley n.º 7739. Código de la niñez y la adolescencia. https://pgrweb.go.cr/scij/busqueda/normativa/normas/nrm_texto_completo.aspx?param2=1&nValor1=1&nValor2=43077&lResultado=4&strSelect=sel

Malcorps, S., Vliegen, N., Nijssens, L., Tang, E., Casalin, S., Slade, A., Luyten, P., & Cerniglia, L. (2021). Assessing reflective functioning in prospective adoptive parents. PloS one, 16(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245852

Maite, R., & Palacios, J. (2011). Separación, pérdida y nuevas vinculaciones: el apego en la adopción. Acción Psicológica, 8(2), 99-11. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=344030766008

Melosh, B. (2004). Adoption Stories: Autobiographical Narrative and the Politics of Identity. Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives. En E. Hipchen (ed.) The Routledge Critical Adoption Studies Reader (pp. 185-191). Taylor and Francis.

Mihoc, N., & Dima, G. (2021). Attachment formation within adoptive families and post-adoption support. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brașov. Series VII, Social Sciences and Law, 13(62), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.31926/but.ssl.2020.13.62.3.10

Miller, L.-C., Pinderhughes, E., Pérouse de Montclos, M.-O. Matthews, J., Chomilier, J., Peyre, J., Vaugelade, J., Sorge, F., de Monléon, J.-V., de Truchis, A., & Baubin, O. (2021). Feelings and perceptions of French parents of internationally adopted children with special needs (SN): Navigating the triple stigma of foreignness, adoption, and disability. Children and youth services review, 120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105633

Mitchell, C., & Reese, E. (2022). Growing Memories: Coaching mothers in elaborative reminiscing with toddlers benefits adolescents’ turning-point narratives and wellbeing. Journal of Personality, 90(6), 887-901. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12703

Modell, J. (2025). Natural Bonds, Legal Boundaries: Modes of Persuasion in Adoption Rhetoric. Imagining Adoption: Essays on Literature and Culture. En E. Hipchen, E. (ed.) The Routledge Critical Adoption Studies Reader (pp. 30-34). Taylor and Francis.

Molano, N., León, E., Román, M., Jiménez-Morago, J.-M., & Moreno, C. (2021). Building up secure relationships: Analysis of adult-child interactions in foster and adoptive families. Children and Youth Services Review, 126, 106026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106026

Pace, C.-S., & Zavattini, G.-C. (2010). ‘Adoption and attachment theory’ the attachment models of adoptive mothers and the revision of attachment patterns of their late-adopted children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 37(1), 82-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2010.01135.x

Pace, C.-S., Di Folco, S., Guerriero, V., & Muzi, S. (2019). Late-adopted children grown up: a long-term longitudinal study on attachment patterns of adolescent adoptees and their adoptive mothers. Attachment & Human Development, 21(4), 372-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1571519

Patton, S. (2025). Birthmarks: Transracial Adoption in Contemporary America. En E. Hipchen (ed.) The Routledge Critical Adoption Studies Reader (pp. 226-239). Taylor and Francis.

Park, S. M. (2025). Mothering queerly, queering motherhood: resisting monomaternalism. En Hipchen, E. (editora) The Routledge Critical Adoption Studies Reader (pp. 105-111). Taylor and Francis.

Picado-Michalsky, T., & Uribe V. F. (1918). ¿Conviene la adopción? Un debate sobre la conveniencia de la adopción sostenido en la Sociedad de Estudiantes de Derecho. Alsina: Imprenta y Librería.

Rodríguez-Jaume, M. J., & Jareño Ruiz, D. (2015). Estigma social y adopción internacional en España. ¿Es la familia adoptiva un modelo familiar menos «auténtico» que los basados en lazos biológicos?. Papers. Revista De Sociologia, 100(2), 211–236. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2070

Rodríguez-Martín, A.-M. (2020). La pobreza de los expósitos de la Inclusa de Pontevedra (1872-1925). Revista de Estudios Gallegos. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/madr.73075

Rodríguez-Sáenz, E. (2003). Los discursos sobre la familia y las relaciones de género en Costa Rica (1890-1930). Serie cuadernos de Historia de las Instituciones de Costa Rica. EUCR.

Román, M. y Palacios, J. (2011). Separación, pérdida y nuevas vinculaciones: el apego en la adopción. Acción Psicológica, 8(2, julio), 99-111.

Salazar-Villanea, M., & Castro Gómez, M.-J. (2019). Soledad y convivencia intergeneracional: el cuido en el ciclo vital. Reflexiones, 98(2) 79-93.

Sanabria León, J. R., Campos Aguirre, G., Chaves Alvarado, M., Rodríguez Vargas, W. M., Soto Delgado, E. V., Gambia Borbón, J. D., & Fernández Gamboa, M. (2024). Reflexiones sobre la socialización e historicidad de la niñez femenina con base en cuentos costarricenses entre 1920 y 1940. Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica, 50(1), e57300. https://doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v50i1.57300

Sánchez-Gómez, P.-B., Narváez-Zurita, C.-I., Borja-Pozo, C.-A., & Erazo-Álvarez, J.-C. (2020). Análisis de la adopción frente a la excepcionalidad de la edad entre adoptante y adoptado. Iustitia Socialis. Revista Arbitrada de Ciencias Jurídicas, 5(1), 121-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.35381/racji.v5i1.605

Stams, G.-J. J. M., Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2002). Maternal sensitivity, infant attachment, and temperament in early childhood predict adjustment in middle childhood: The case of adopted children and their biologically unrelated parents. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 806-821. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.806

Strathern, M. (2025). After Nature: English Kinship in the Late Twentieth Century. En: E. Hipchen, E. (ed.) The Routledge Critical Adoption Studies Reader (pp. 76-80). Taylor and Francis.

Teng, K., Russo, F., Kanuch, S., & Caron, A. (2022). Virtual care adoption—challenges and opportunities from the lens of academic primary care practitioners. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 28(6), 599-602. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000001548

Valsiner, J. (2019). Culture & Psychology: 25 constructive years. Culture & Psychology, 25(4), 429-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354067X19872358

Van den Dries, L., Juffer, F., van IJzendoorn, M.-H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.-J. (2009). Fostering security? A meta-analysis of attachment in adopted children. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(3), 410-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.09.008

Van Londen, W.-M., Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M.-H. (2007). Attachment, cognitive, and motor development in adopted children: short-term outcomes after international adoption. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(10), 1249-1258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsm062

Vargas-Morúa, G., & Vargas-Morúa, E. (2015). Crisis de la poliomielitis en Costa Rica: Logros y polioenseñanzas para hoy. Educare, 19(2), 93-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ree.19-2.6

Víquez Jiménez, P. (2019). Leyes de desigualdad: niñez y juventud a principios del siglo XX. Diálogos, 20(2), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.15517/dre.v20i2.36913

Vorria, P., Papaligoura, Z., Sarafidou, J., Kopakaki, M., Dunn, J., Van IJzendoorn, M.-H., & Kontopoulo, A. (2006). The development of adopted children after institutional care: a follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47(12), 1246-1253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006. 01666.x

White, E. E., Baden, A. L., Ferguson, A. L., & Smith, L. (2022). The intersection of race and adoption: Experiences of transracial and international adoptees with microaggressions. Journal of family psychology, 36(8), 1318-1328. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000922

Yarger, H.-A., Bernard, K., Caron, E. B., Wallin, A., & Dozier, M. (2020). Enhancing parenting quality for young children adopted internationally: results of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 49(3), 378-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.154797

Published

2025-09-08

How to Cite

Sanabria-León, J. (2025). doption and the Dilemma of Autobiographical Identity: Three anecdotes about the search for one’s mother/family of origin and its possible meaning for autobiographical identity. Costa Rican Journal of Psychology, 44(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.22544/rcps.v44i02.02